# Tutorial¶

This tutorial is designed to step new users through the basics of setting up a signac data space, defining and executing a simple workflow with signac-flow, and analyzing the data. For the complete code corresponding to this tutorial, see the Ideal Gas example.

## Basics¶

### Initializing the data space¶

In this tutorial, we will perform a simple study of the pressure-volume (p-V) relationship of a noble gas. As a first approximation, we could model the gas as an ideal gas, so the ideal gas law applies:

$p V = N k_B T$

Therefore, we can assume that the volume $$V$$ can be directly calculated as a function of system size $$N$$, Boltzmann’s constant $$k_B$$, and temperature $$T$$.

To test this relationship, we start by creating an empty project directory where we will place all the code and data associated with this computational study.

~ $mkdir ideal_gas_project ~$ cd ideal_gas_project/
~/ideal_gas_project $ We then proceed by initializing the data space within a Python script called init.py: # init.py import signac project = signac.init_project('ideal-gas-project') for p in range(1, 10): sp = {'p': p, 'kT': 1.0, 'N': 1000} job = project.open_job(sp) job.init()  The signac.init_project() function initializes the signac project in the current working directory by creating a configuration file called signac.rc. The location of this file defines the project root directory. We can access the project interface from anywhere within and below the root directory by calling the signac.get_project() function, or from outside this directory by providing an explicit path, e.g., signac.get_project('~/ideal_gas_project'). Note The name of the project stored in the configuration file is independent of the directory name it resides in. We can verify that the initialization worked by examining the implicit schema of the project we just created: ~/ideal_gas_project$ signac schema
{
'N': 'int([1000], 1)',
'kT': 'float([1.0], 1)',
'p': 'int([1, 2, 3, ..., 8, 9], 9)',
}


The output of the $signac schema command gives us a brief overview of all keys that were used as well as their value (range). Note The job.init() function is idempotent, meaning that it is safe to call it multiple times even after a job has already been initialized. It is good practice make all steps that are part of the data space initialization routine idempotent. ### Exploring the data space¶ The core function that signac offers is the ability to associate metadata — for example, a specific set of parameters such as temperature, pressure, and system size — with a distinct directory on the file system that contains all data related to said metadata. The open_job() method associates the metadata specified as its first argument with a distinct directory called a job workspace. These directories are located in the workspace sub-directory within the project directory and the directory name is the so called job id. ~/ideal_gas_project$ ls -1 workspace/
22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e
71855b321a04dd9ee27ce6c9cc0436f4
# ...


The job id is a highly compact, unambiguous representation of the full metadata, i.e., a distinct set of key-value pairs will always map to the same job id. However, it can also be somewhat cryptic, especially for users who would like to browse the data directly on the file system. Fortunately, you don’t need to worry about this internal representation of the data space while you are actively working with the data. Instead, you can create a linked view with the signac view command:

~/ideal_gas_project $signac view ~/ideal_gas_project$ ls -d view/p/*
view/p/1  view/p/2  view/p/3  view/p/4  view/p/5  view/p/6  view/p/7  view/p/8  view/p/9


The linked view is the most compact representation of the data space in form of a nested directory structure. Most compact means in this case, that signac detected that the values for kT and N are constant across all jobs and are therefore safely omitted. It is designed to provide a human-readable representation of the metadata in the form of a nested directory structure. Each directory contains a job directory, which is a symbolic link to the actual workspace directory.

Note

Make sure to update the view paths by executing the $signac view command (or equivalently with the create_linked_view() method) everytime you add or remove jobs from your data space. ### Interacting with the signac project¶ You interact with the signac project on the command line using the signac command. You can also interact with the project within Python via the signac.Project class. You can obtain an instance of that class within the project root directory and all sub-directories with: >>> import signac >>> project = signac.get_project()  Tip You can use the $ signac shell command to launch a Python interpreter with signac already imported as well as depending on the current working directory, with variables project and job set to get_project() and get_job() respectively.

Iterating through all jobs within the data space is then as easy as:

>>> for job in project:
...     print(job)
...
22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e
71855b321a04dd9ee27ce6c9cc0436f4
# ...


We can iterate through a select set of jobs with the find_jobs() method in combination with a query expression:

>>> for job in project.find_jobs({"kT": 1.0, "p.$lt": 3.0}): ... print(job, job.sp.p) ... 742c883cbee8e417bbb236d40aea9543 1 ee550647e3f707b251eeb094f43d434c 2 >>>  In this example we selected all jobs, where the value for $$kT$$ is equal to 1.0 – which would be all of them – and where the value for $$p$$ is less than 3.0. The equivalent selection on the command line would be achieved with $ signac find kT 1.0 p.\$lt 3.0. See the detailed Query API documentation for more information on how to find and select specific jobs. Note The following expressions are all equivalent: for job in project:, for job in project.find_jobs():, and for job in project.find_jobs(None):. ### Operating on the data space¶ Each job represents a data set associated with specific metadata. The point is to generate data which is a function of that metadata. Within the framework’s language, such a function is called a data space operation. Coming back to our example, we could implement a very simple operation that calculates the volume $$V$$ as a function of our metadata like this: def volume(N, kT, p): return N * kT / p  Let’s store the volume within our data space in a file called volume.txt, by implementing this function in a Python script called project.py: # project.py import signac def compute_volume(job): volume = job.sp.N * job.sp.kT / job.sp.p with open(job.fn('volume.txt'), 'w') as file: file.write(str(volume) + '\n') project = signac.get_project() for job in project: compute_volume(job)  Executing this script will calculate and store the volume for each pressure-temperature combination in a file called volume.txt within each job’s workspace. Note The job.fn('volume.txt') expression is a short-cut for os.path.join(job.workspace(), 'volume.txt'). ## Workflows¶ ### Implementing a simple workflow¶ In many cases, it is desirable to avoid the repeat execution of data space operations, especially if they are not idempotent or are significantly more expensive than our simple example. For this, we will incoporate the compute_volume() function into a workflow using the package signac-flow and its FlowProject class. We slightly modify our project.py script: # project.py from flow import FlowProject @FlowProject.operation def compute_volume(job): volume = job.sp.N * job.sp.kT / job.sp.p with open(job.fn('volume.txt'), 'w') as file: file.write(str(volume) + '\n') if __name__ == '__main__': FlowProject().main()  The operation() decorator identifies the compute_volume function as an operation function of our project. Furthermore, it is now directly executable from the command line via an interface provided by the main() method. We can then execute all operations defined within the project with: ~/ideal_gas_project$ python project.py run


However, if you execute this in your own terminal, you might have noticed a warning message printed out at the end, that looks like:

WARNING:flow.project:Operation 'compute_volume' has no post-conditions!


That is because by default, the run command will continue to execute all defined operations until they are considered completed. An operation is considered completed when all its post conditions are met, and it is up to the user to define those post conditions. Since we have not defined any post conditions yet, signac would continue to execute the same operation indefinitely.

For this example, a good post condition would be the existence of the volume.txt file. To tell the FlowProject class when an operation is completed, we can modify the above example by adding a function that defines this condition:

# project.py
from flow import FlowProject
import os

def volume_computed(job):
return job.isfile("volume.txt")

@FlowProject.operation
@FlowProject.post(volume_computed)
def compute_volume(job):
volume = job.sp.N * job.sp.kT / job.sp.p
with open(job.fn('volume.txt'), 'w') as file:
file.write(str(volume) + '\n')

if __name__ == '__main__':
FlowProject().main()


Tip

Simple conditions can be conveniently defined inline as lambda expressions: @FlowProject.post(lambda job: job.isfile("volume.txt")).

We can check that we implemented the condition correctly by executing $python project.py run again. This should now return without any message because all operations have already been completed. Note To simply, execute a specific operation from the command line ignoring all logic, use the exec command, e.g.: $ python project.py exec compute_volume. This command (as well as the run command) also accepts jobs as arguments, so you can specify that you only want to run operations for a specific set of jobs.

### Extending the workflow¶

So far we learned how to define and implement data space operations and how to define simple post conditions to control the execution of said operations. In the next step, we will learn how to integrate multiple operations into a cohesive workflow.

First, let’s verify that the volume has actually been computed for all jobs. For this we transform the volume_computed() function into a label function by decorating it with the label() decorator:

# project.py
from flow import FlowProject

@FlowProject.label
def volume_computed(job):
return job.isfile("volume.txt")

# ...


We can then view the project’s status with the status command:

~/ideal_gas_project $python project.py status Generate output... Status project 'ideal-gas-project': Total # of jobs: 10 label progress --------------- -------------------------------------------------- volume_computed |########################################| 100.00%  That means that there is a volume.txt file in each and every job workspace directory. Let’s assume that instead of storing the volume in a text file, we wanted to store in it in a JSON file called data.json. Since we are pretending that computing the volume is an expensive operation, we will implement a second operation that copies the result stored in the volume.txt file into the data.json file instead of recomputing it: # project.py from flow import FlowProject import json # ... @FlowProject.operation @FlowProject.pre(volume_computed) @FlowProject.post.isfile("data.json") def store_volume_in_json_file(job): with open(job.fn("volume.txt")) as textfile: data = {"volume": float(textfile.read())} with open(job.fn("data.json"), "w") as jsonfile: json.dump(data, jsonfile) # ...  Here we reused the volume_computed condition function as a pre-condition and took advantage of the post.isfile short-cut function to define the post-condition for this operation function. Important An operation function is eligible for execution if all pre-conditions are met, at least one post-condition is not met and the operation is not currently submitted or running. Next, instead of running this new function for all jobs, let’s test it for one job first. ~/ideal_gas_project$ python project.py run -n 1
Execute operation 'store_volume_in_json_file(742c883cbee8e417bbb236d40aea9543)'...


We can verify the output with:

~/ideal_gas_project $cat workspace/742c883cbee8e417bbb236d40aea9543/data.json {"volume": 1000.0}  Since that seems right, we can then store all other volumes in the respective data.json files by executing $ python project run.

Tip

We could further simplify our workflow definition by replacing the pre(volume_computed) condition with pre.after(compute_volume), which is a short-cut to reuse all of compute_volume()’s post-conditions as pre-conditions for the store_volume_in_json_file() operation.

### Grouping Operations¶

If we wanted to submit compute_volume and store_volume_in_document together to run in series, we currently couldn’t, even though we know that store_volume_in_document can run immediately after compute_volume. With the FlowGroup class, we can group the two operations together and submit any job that is ready to run compute_volume. To do this, we create a group and decorate the operations with it.

# project.py
from flow import FlowProject

volume_group = FlowProject.make_group(name='volume')

@FlowProject.label
def volume_computed(job):
return job.isfile("volume.txt")

@volume
@FlowProject.operation
@FlowProject.post(volume_computed)
def compute_volume(job):
volume = job.sp.N * job.sp.kT / job.sp.p
with open(job.fn('volume.txt'), 'w') as file:
file.write(str(volume) + '\n')

@volume
@FlowProject.operation
@FlowProject.pre(volume_computed)
@FlowProject.post.isfile("data.json")
def store_volume_in_json_file(job):
with open(job.fn("volume.txt")) as textfile:
with open(job.fn("data.json"), "w") as jsonfile:
json.dump(data, jsonfile)

if __name__ == '__main__':
FlowProject().main()


We can now run python project.py run -o volume or python project.py submit -o volume to run or submit both operations.

### The job document¶

Storing results in JSON format – as shown in the previous section – is good practice because the JSON format is an open, human-readable format, and parsers are readily available in a wide range of languages. Because of this, signac stores all metadata in JSON files and in addition comes with a built-in JSON-storage container for each job (see: The Job Document).

Let’s add another operation to our project.py script that stores the volume in the job document:

# project.py
# ...

@FlowProject.operation
@FlowProject.pre.after(compute_volume)
@FlowProject.post(lambda job: 'volume' in job.document)
def store_volume_in_document(job):
with open(job.fn("volume.txt")) as textfile:


Besides needing fewer lines of code, storing data in the job document has one more distinct advantage: it is directly searchable. That means that we can find and select jobs based on its content.

Executing the $python project.py run command after adding the above function to the project.py script will store all volume in the job documents. We can then inspect all searchable data with the $ signac find command in combination with the --show option:

~/ideal_gas_project $signac find --show 03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7 {'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 3} {'volume': 333.3333333333333} 22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e {'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 5} {'volume': 200.0} 71855b321a04dd9ee27ce6c9cc0436f4 {'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 4} {'volume': 250.0} # ...  When executed with --show, the find command not only prints the job id, but also the metadata and the document for each job. In addition to selecting by metadata as shown earlier, we can also find and select jobs by their job document content, e.g.: ~/ideal_gas_project$ signac find --doc-filter volume.\$lte 125 --show Interpreted filter arguments as '{"volume.$lte": 125}'.
df1794892c1ec0909e5955079754fb0b
{'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 10}
{'volume': 100.0}
dbe8094b72da6b3dd7c8f17abdcb7608
{'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 9}
{'volume': 111.11111111111111}
97ac0114bb2269561556b16aef030d43
{'N': 1000, 'kT': 1.0, 'p': 8}
{'volume': 125.0}


### Job.data and Job.stores¶

The job data attribute provides a dict-like interface to an HDF5-file, which is designed to store large numerical data, such as numpy arrays.

For example:

with job.data:
job.data.my_array = numpy.zeros(64, 32)


You can use the data-attribute to store both built-in types, numpy arrays, and pandas dataframes. The job.data property is a short-cut for job.stores['signac_data'], you can access many different data stores by providing your own name, e.g., job.stores.my_data.

See Job Data Storage for an in-depth discussion.

## Job scripts and cluster submission¶

### Generating scripts¶

So far, we executed all operations directly on the command line with the run command. However we can also generate scripts for execution, which is especially relevant if you intend to submit the workflow to a scheduling system typically encountered in high-performance computing (HPC) environments.

Scripts are generated using the jinja2 templating system, but you don’t have to worry about that unless you want to change any of the default templates.

We can generate a script for the execution of the next eligible operations with the script command. We need to reset our workflow before we can test that:

~/ideal_gas_project $rm -r workspace/ ~/ideal_gas_project$ python init.py


Let’s start by generating a script for the execution of up to two eligible operations:

~/ideal_gas_project $python project.py script -n 2 set -e set -u cd /Users/csadorf/ideal_gas_project # Operation 'compute_volume' for job '03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7': python project.py exec compute_volume 03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7 # Operation 'compute_volume' for job '22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e': python project.py exec compute_volume 22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e  By default, the generated script will change into the project root directory and then execute the command for each next eligible operation for all selected jobs. We then have two ways to run this script. One option would be to pipe it into a file and then execute it: ~/ideal_gas_project$ python project.py script > run.sh
~/ideal_gas_project $/bin/bash run.sh  Alternatively, we could pipe it directly into the command processor: ~/ideal_gas_project$ python project.py script | /bin/bash


Executing the script command again, we see that it would now execute both the store_volume_in_document and the store_volume_in_json_file operation, since both share the same pre-conditions:

~/ideal_gas_project $python project.py script -n 2 set -e set -u cd /Users/csadorf/ideal_gas_project # Operation 'store_volume_in_document' for job '03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7': python project.py exec store_volume_in_document 03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7 # Operation 'store_volume_in_json_file' for job '03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7': python project.py exec store_volume_in_json_file 03585df0f87fada67bd0f540c102cce7  If we wanted to customize the script generation, we could either extend the base template or simply replace the default template with our own. To replace the default template, we can put a template script called script.sh into a directory called templates within the project root directory. A simple template script might look like this: cd {{ project.config.project_dir }} {% for operation in operations %} {{ operation.cmd }} {% endfor %}  Storing the above template within a file called templates/script.sh will now change the output of the script command to: ~/ideal_gas_project$ python project.py script -n 2



Please see $python project.py script --template-help to get more information on how to write and use custom templates. ### Submit operations to a scheduling system¶ In addition to executing operations directly on the command line and generating scripts, signac can also submit operations to a scheduler such as SLURM. This is essentially equivalent to generating a script as described in the previous section, but in this case the script will also contain the relevant scheduler directives such as the number of processors to request. In addition, signac will also keep track of submitted operations in addition to workflow progress, which almost completely automates the submission process as well as preventing the accidental repeated submission of operations. To use this feature, make sure that you are on a system with any of the supported schedulers and then run the $ python project.py submit command.

As an example, we could submit the operation compute_volume to the cluster.

$python project.py submit -o compute_volume -n 1 -w 1.5 This command submits to the cluster for the next available job (because we specified -n 1), which is submitted with a walltime of 1.5 hours. We can use the --pretend option to output the text of the submission document. Here is some sample output used on Stampede2, a SLURM-based queuing system: $ python project.py submit -o compute_volume -n 1 -w 1.5 --pretend
Query scheduler...
- Operation: compute_volume(ee550647e3f707b251eeb094f43d434c)
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --partition=skx-normal
#SBATCH -t 01:30:00
#SBATCH --nodes=1

set -e
set -u

cd /scratch/05583/tg848827/ideal_gas_project

# compute_volume(ee550647e3f707b251eeb094f43d434c)
/opt/apps/intel17/python3/3.6.3/bin/python3 project.py exec compute_volume ee550647e3f707b251eeb094f43d434c


We can submit 5 jobs simultaneously by changing -n 1 to -n 5. After submitting, if we run $python project.py status -d, a detailed report is produced that tracks the progress of each job. $ python project.py status -d
Query scheduler...
Collect job status info: 100%|██████████████████████████████| 10/10 [00:00<00:00, 2500.48it/s]
# Overview:
Total # of jobs: 10

label    ratio
-------  -------
[no labels to show]

# Detailed View:
job_id                            operation           labels
--------------------------------  ------------------  --------
ee550647e3f707b251eeb094f43d434c  compute_volume [Q]
df1794892c1ec0909e5955079754fb0b  compute_volume [Q]
71855b321a04dd9ee27ce6c9cc0436f4  compute_volume [Q]
dbe8094b72da6b3dd7c8f17abdcb7608  compute_volume [Q]
a2fa2b860d0a1df3f5dbaaa3a7798a59  compute_volume [Q]
22a51374466c4e01ef0e67e65f73c52e  compute_volume [U]
97ac0114bb2269561556b16aef030d43  compute_volume [U]

Jobs signified with Q are queued in the cluster; when calling python project.py status -d again, if signac queries the cluster to find those jobs have begun running, their status will be reported A.
See the Cluster Submission section for further details on how to use the submit option and the Manage Environments section for details on submitting to your particular cluster.